氮肥减施下翻压冬季绿肥对川东玉米地土壤养分的影响

doi:10.16036/j.issn.1000-2650.2021.06.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究氮素化肥减施下翻压冬季绿肥对川东玉米地土壤养分的影响。【方法】设冬闲-玉米常规施氮为对照（NF）,研究冬闲（RF）和冬种光叶苕子（V）、肥田萝卜（R）、黑麦草（L）、光叶苕子/肥田萝卜/黑麦草混播（B）并全量翻压还田在玉米种植时减氮20%下耕层土壤养分变化规律。【结果】①同常规施肥相比,减施氮肥后土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等含量降低;而减氮基础上全量翻压绿肥后能有效增加土壤氮磷钾养分,其中碱解氮增加了2.14%（R）~68.94%（B）;混播绿肥处理对全氮提升效果显著,于苗期和收获期较对照分别显著增加15.00%、30.43%;翻压绿肥后土壤有效磷于玉米收获期前显著降低,收获期较NF处理显著提高了2.88%（L）~29.25%（R）;B处理速效钾含量在玉米整个生育期都维持在较高水平,并于收获期显著提高75.05%。②翻压黑麦草在玉米收获期略有增加土壤交换性钙、镁含量,各绿肥处理的土壤微量元素增减呈波动变化,但均未达显著水平。【结论】化肥减氮20%条件下,冬季混播光叶苕子、肥田萝卜和黑麦草且全量翻压还田,可有效增加玉米地土壤氮磷钾养分,是川东丘陵区春玉米化肥减施增效可行之策。

关键词: 化肥减施, 绿肥, 土壤养分, 玉米

Abstract: 【Objective】 To explore the effect of winter green manure on soil nutrients of corn field under the reduced use of nitrogen fertilizer in east Sichuan. 【Method】 With winter fallow-conventional nitrogen application in maize as control (NF), there were 5 treatments including winter fallow (RF), winter sowing of Vicia villosa Roth var. (V), Raphanus sativus L. (R), ryegrass (L), Vicia villosa Roth var./Raphanus sativus L./ryegrass (B). After these green manures returning to the field in full, the changes of soil nutrients in the surface layer of vetch were studied with 20% nitrogen reduction during maize planting. 【Result】 ①Compared with the conventional fertilization, the content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil decreased, while the content of N, P and K in the soil increased after the application of nitrogen-reducing green manure, the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen increased by 2.14% (R)-68.94% (B); the effects of green manure mixed sowing on total nitrogen were significant, total nitrogen increased by 15.00% and 30.43% in the seedling and harvest stages of maize compared with the control; the available phosphorus in soil decreased significantly before harvest and increased by 2.88% (L)-29.25% (R) in harvest compared with NF treatment; the content of available potassium in B treatment maintained at a high level in the whole growing period and increased by 75.05% in the harvest period. ②The content of exchangeable Ca and Mg in soil slightly increased by plowing ryegrass during corn harvest, but the increase and decrease of soil micronutrient in each green manure treatment were fluctuant, but they did not reach significant level. 【Conclusion】 It is feasible to increase N, P and K nutrients in spring corn field of the hills of eastern Sichuan under 20% nitrogen reduction by planting a mixture of Vicia villosa Roth var., Raphanus sativus L. and ryegrass in winter and returing them totally.

Key words: chemical fertilizer reduction, green manure, soil nutrients, corn

中图分类号:

S158

曾妮, 蔡艳, 李寒松, 李冰, 李珺昭, 伍伟, 张洪滔, 何川, 李钟, 郑祖平. 氮肥减施下翻压冬季绿肥对川东玉米地土壤养分的影响[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2021, 39(6): 799-806.

ZENG Ni, CAI Yan, LI Hansong, LI Bing, LI Junzhao, WU Wei, ZHANG Hongtao, HE Chuan, LI Zhong, ZHENG Zuping. Effect of Winter Green Manure on Soil Nutrients of Maize Field in Eastern Sichuan under Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Application[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2021, 39(6): 799-806.

参考文献 33

[1]	麻坤, 刁钢. 化肥对中国粮食产量变化贡献率的研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(4): 1113-1120.
[2]	胡小鹏. 浅谈玉米施肥中的问题及建议[J]. 河北农业, 2017(8): 36-37.
[3]	王齐齐, 徐虎, 马常宝, 等. 西部地区紫色土近30年来土壤肥力与生产力演变趋势分析[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(6): 1492-1499.
[4]	JAVIER M D, JULIO B, RAFAELA O F.Nitrogen fertilization. a review of the risks associated with the inefficiency of its use and policy responses[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(10): 5625-5639.
[5]	RUTKOWSKA A, SKOWRON P.Productive and environmental consequences of sixteen years of unbalanced fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus-trials in Poland with oilseed rape, wheat, maize and barley[J]. Agronomy, 2020, 10(11): 1747-1770.
[6]	曹卫东, 包兴国, 徐昌旭, 等. 中国绿肥科研60年回顾与未来展望[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2017, 23(6): 1450-1461.
[7]	周兴, 李再明, 谢坚, 等. 紫云英利用后减施化肥对水稻产量和产值及土壤碳氮含量的影响[J]. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 40(3): 225-230.
[8]	李增强, 张贤, 王建红, 等. 化肥减施对紫云英还田土壤活性有机碳和碳转化酶活性的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2019, 25(4): 525-534.
[9]	李峰, 周方亮, 黄雅楠, 等. 减施化肥下紫云英和秸秆还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响[J]. 华中农业大学学报, 2020, 39(1): 67-75.
[10]	张淑珍, 孙传芳. 绿肥品种资源研究[J]. 作物品种资源, 1995(1): 7-10, 26.
[11]	李子双, 廉晓娟, 王薇, 等. 我国绿肥的研究进展[J]. 草业科学, 2013, 30(7): 1135-1140.
[12]	YANG L, BAI J S, LIU J, et al.Green manuring effect on changes of soil nitrogen fractions, maize growth, and nutrient uptake[J]. Agronomy, 2018, 8(11): 261-273.
[13]	刘兆辉, 薄录吉, 李彦, 等. 氮肥减量施用技术及其对作物产量和生态环境的影响综述[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2016(4): 1-8.
[14]	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析[M]. 3版. 北京: 中国农业出版社,2000.
[15]	赵帅群, 刘刚, 欧全宏, 等. 不同类型土壤的FTIR和ICP-MS分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2014, 34(12): 3401-3405.
[16]	樊志龙, 柴强, 曹卫东, 等. 绿肥在我国旱地农业生态系统中的服务功能及其应用[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(4): 1389-1402.
[17]	YANG L, BAI J S, LIU J, et al.Green manuring effect on changes of soil nitrogen fractions, maize growth, and nutrient uptake[J]. Agronomy, 2018, 8(11): 261-273.
[18]	张钦, 张爱华, 姚单君, 等. 连续种植不同绿肥作物的耕层土壤团聚体中氮分布及其固持特征[J]. 土壤通报, 2019, 50(3): 577-584.
[19]	TAO J M, LIU X D, LIANG Y L, et al.Maize growth responses to soil microbes and soil properties after fertilization with different green manures[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017, 101(3): 1289-1299.
[20]	王琳, 管永祥, 陈震, 等. 不同种类绿肥养分积累比较及其对水稻产量的影响[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2020, 36(5): 1139-1143.
[21]	田明慧, 张明发, 田峰, 等. 不同绿肥翻压对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2016, 32(9): 41-46.
[22]	杨叶华, 张松, 王帅, 等. 中国不同区域常见绿肥产量和养分含量特征及替代氮肥潜力评估[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(6): 39-55.
[23]	贾戌禹, 程俊康, 朱碧岩, 等. 粤北山区多花黑麦草腐解规律及养分释放动态[J]. 草学, 2020(1): 14-18, 25.
[24]	袁喆. 绿肥与氮肥配施对土壤性质及水稻养分吸收和产量的影响[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2020.
[25]	刘小粉, 刘春增, 潘兹亮, 等. 施用绿肥条件下减施化肥对土壤养分及持水供水能力的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2017(3): 75-79.
[26]	刘娜. 豆科绿肥还田和施氮量对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤碳氮的影响[D]. 咸阳: 西北农林科技大学, 2020.
[27]	高桂娟, 李志丹, 韩瑞宏, 等. 3种南方绿肥腐解特征及其对淹水土壤养分和酶活性的影响[J]. 热带作物学报, 2016, 37(8): 1476-1483.
[28]	董浩, 于淑慧, 史桂芳, 等. 春季翻压3种果园绿肥腐解及养分释放特征研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2021, 37(6): 75-81.
[29]	李增强, 王建红, 张贤. 绿肥腐解及养分释放过程研究进展[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2017(4): 8-16.
[30]	梁军. 不同绿肥还田腐解动态及其对土壤养分的影响[D]. 长沙: 湖南农业大学, 2018.
[31]	吕汉强, 于爱忠, 柴强. 绿洲灌区玉米产量及水分利用对绿肥还田方式的响应[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2020, 28(5): 671-679.
[32]	熊维亮, 张映杰, 杨鹏, 等. 绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(7): 29-36.
[33]	田想, 张威, 伍玉鹏, 等. 绿肥种植配施减量氮肥对橘园土壤肥力及果实质量的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2020(6): 197-204.